Modal

SUBJECT + MODALS + V1

CAN

• ABILITY (Kemampuan)
• POSSIBILITY (Kemungkinan)
• PERMISSION (izin)

1. Ability = to be able to (Subject + am, are, is, was, were + able to + V1)
He can sing a song beautifully = He is able to sing a song beautifully
She can answer the test correctly = She is able to answer the test correctly

2. Possibility (Kemungkinan yang kurang pasti)
They can come late today
John can be at home

3. Permission (Memohon izin)
Can I borrow your dictionary, please?
You can go home now


COULD

ABILITY (kemampuan pada waktu lampau) = to be able to (was, were able to + V1)
He could run fast when he was young = He was able to run fast when he was young

Possibility (Kemungkinan yang kurang pasti)
You could be late if you walked so slowly
The man could be Mr. James

Permission (Izin)
Could I come to your house tonight?
You could use one of my pen
Could you accompany me to go there tonight?

MAY

• Permission
• Possibility

1. Permission (more polite)
May I come in, sir?
May I borrow your book, please?

2. Possibility (certainty/ kemungkinan yang lebih pasti)
He may come today
They may be at home

MIGHT (Possibility/ kemungkinan yang kurang pasti)
She might fail in the exam
He might fall in love with you

WILL
To be going to + V1 (Future Tense) = Akan
I will come to your house = I am going to come to your house
She will help you = She is going to help you
Permission
Will you wait for me, please?
Will you help me, please?
Would = Conditional (Past Future)
Type I (Future Possible)
Present Future Tense + IF + Simple Present Tense
IF + Simple Present Tense + Present Future Tense
I will pass the exam if I study hard
If I study hard, I will pass the exam
I will come to your birthday party if I have time
If I have time, I will come to your birthday party

MAY
Permission
Possibility
1. Permission (more polite)
May I come in, sir?
May I borrow your book, please?
2. Possibility (certainty/ kemungkinan yang lebih pasti)
He may come today
They may be at home
MIGHT (Possibility/ kemungkinan yang kuran pasti)
She might fail in the exam
He might fall in love with you
WILL
To be going to + V1 (Future Tense) = Akan
I will come to your house = I am going to come to your house
She will help you = She is going to help you
Permission
Will you wait for me, please?
Will you help me, please?
Would = Conditional (Past Future)
Type I (Future Possible)
Present Future Tense + IF + Simple Present Tense
IF + Simple Present Tense + Present Future Tense
I will pass the exam if I study hard
If I study hard, I will pass the exam
I will come to your birthday party if I have time
If I have time, I will come to your birthday party

MAY
Permission
Possibility
1. Permission (more polite)
May I come in, sir?
May I borrow your book, please?
2. Possibility (certainty/ kemungkinan yang lebih pasti)
He may come today
They may be at home
MIGHT (Possibility/ kemungkinan yang kuran pasti)
She might fail in the exam
He might fall in love with you
WILL
To be going to + V1 (Future Tense) = Akan
I will come to your house = I am going to come to your house
She will help you = She is going to help you
Permission
Will you wait for me, please?
Will you help me, please?
Would = Conditional (Past Future)
Type I (Future Possible)
Present Future Tense + IF + Simple Present Tense
IF + Simple Present Tense + Present Future Tense
I will pass the exam if I study hard
If I study hard, I will pass the exam
I will come to your birthday party if I have time
If I have time, I will come to your birthday party

Tense

1. Simple Present Tense
Active                                                         Passive
S + V1/ Vs/es + Object                              S + am, are, is + V3 + (by) + Obj
She writes a letter                                       A letter is written by her

2. Simple Past Tense
Active                                                         Passive
S + V2 + O                                                 S + was, were + V3 + (by) + O
She wrote a letter                                        A letter was written by her

3. Present Continuous Tense
S + am, are, is + V-ing + O                         S+ am, are, is + being + V3 + (by) + O
She is writing a letter now                            A letter is being written by her

4. Past Continuous Tense
S + was, were + V-ing + O                         S + was, were + being + V3 + (by) + O
She was writing many letters                        Many letters were being written by her

5. Present Perfect Tense
S + have, has + V3 + O                              S + have, has + been + V3 + (by) + O
She has written some letters                         Some letters have been written by her

6. Past Perfect Tense
S + had + V3 + O                                       S + had + been + V3 + (by) + O
She had written a letter                                A letter had been written by her

7. Present Future Tense
S + will + V1 + O                                      S + will + be + V3 + (by) + O
She will write a letter                                  A letter will be written by her

8. Past Future Tense
Active Passive
S + would + V1 + O                                  S + would + be + V3 + (by) + O
She would write a letter                              A letter would be written by her

9. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
S + have, has + been + V-ing + O             S + have, has + been + being + V3 + (by) + O
She has been writing some letters               Some letters have been being written by her

10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
S + had + been + V-ing + O                     S + had + been + being + V3 + (by) + O
She had been writing some letters              Some letters had been being written by her

11. Present Future Continuous Tense
S + will + be + V-ing + O                         S + will + be + being + V3 + (by) + O
She will be writing a letter                         A letter will be being written by her

12. Past Future Continuous Tense
S + would + be + V-ing + O                    S + would+ be + being + V3 + (by) + O
She would be writing a letter                     A letter would be being written by her

13. Present Future Perfect Tense
S + will + have + V3 + O                         S + will + have + been + V3 + (by) + O
She will have written a letter                     A letter will have been written by her

14. Past Future Perfect Tense
S + would + have + V3 + O                    S + would + have + been + V3 + (by) + O
She would have written a letter                A letter would have been written by her

15. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Active Passive
S + will + have + been + V-ing + O        S + will + have + been + being + V3 + (by) + O
She will have been writing a letter           A letter will have been being written by her

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
S + would + have + been + V-ing + O   S + would + have + been + being + V3 + (by) + O
She would have been writing a letter       A letter would have been being written by her

Addition
MODALS + BE + V3
Example:
The book can be bought at the book store
The exercise can be done by the students
These announcement will be announced tomorrow